What is Foot Pain?

Foot pain refers to any discomfort in the foot, which can occur in the heel, arch, toes, ball of the foot, or along the sides. Because our feet carry us through daily life, pain in this area is common. It may be temporary and mild, or persistent and severe enough to interfere with walking, standing, or exercise. Foot pain is not a condition itself but a symptom of an underlying issue—ranging from overuse and injury to arthritis or nerve problems.

Causes

Foot pain can result from a wide variety of factors, including:

  • Injuries: sprains, strains, fractures, stress fractures, bruises

  • Overuse: prolonged standing, running, or repetitive stress

  • Arthritis: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, psoriatic arthritis

  • Tendon and ligament problems: plantar fasciitis, Achilles tendonitis, posterior tibial tendon dysfunction

  • Structural issues: flat feet, high arches, bunions, hammertoes, heel spurs

  • Nerve disorders: tarsal tunnel syndrome, Morton’s neuroma, peripheral neuropathy, sciatica

  • Skin and nail conditions: corns, calluses, plantar warts, ingrown toenails

  • Systemic conditions: diabetes, obesity, circulation problems, infections

Symptoms

Foot pain can feel different depending on the cause. Common symptoms include:

  • Sharp, stabbing, or burning pain

  • Dull ache or throbbing

  • Swelling, redness, or warmth

  • Stiffness or limited range of motion

  • Tingling, numbness, or “pins and needles”

  • Pain that worsens with activity or first steps in the morning (common in plantar fasciitis)

Diagnosis

To identify the cause of foot pain, providers may use:

  • Medical history and physical exam – checking for tenderness, swelling, and alignment

  • Imaging tests – X‑rays, CT scans, or MRI to detect fractures, arthritis, or soft tissue injuries

  • Nerve studies – electromyography (EMG) or nerve conduction studies if neuropathy is suspected

  • Lab tests – to check for gout, infection, or autoimmune disease

Nonsurgical Treatment

Most cases of foot pain improve with conservative care:

  • RICE protocol – Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation

  • Supportive footwear – shoes with cushioning, arch support, and wide toe boxes

  • Orthotics or inserts – custom or over‑the‑counter devices to redistribute pressure

  • Physical therapy – stretching, strengthening, and gait training

  • Medications – NSAIDs (ibuprofen, naproxen) or topical pain relievers

  • Injections – corticosteroids for arthritis, plantar fasciitis, or tendonitis

  • Lifestyle changes – weight management, activity modification, stretching routines

When is Surgery Needed?

Surgery is considered when nonsurgical treatments fail or when there is significant structural damage. Common surgical indications include:

  • Severe bunions or hammertoes

  • Advanced arthritis requiring joint fusion or replacement

  • Fractures that do not heal properly

  • Torn tendons or ligaments

  • Chronic nerve entrapment (e.g., Morton’s neuroma, tarsal tunnel syndrome)

  • Non‑healing wounds or infections

Surgical options may include osteotomy (bone realignment), tendon repair, joint fusion, bunionectomy, or ankle/foot joint replacement, depending on the cause.