What Is Dermatitis?

Dermatitis (often called eczema) refers to a group of conditions that inflame the skin. It can appear anywhere on the body—including the feet, ankles, and hands—and may flare up periodically before subsiding. While the exact cause varies, dermatitis often results from a combination of genetics, immune response, environmental triggers, and skin barrier weakness.

Common Types of Dermatitis

Different forms of dermatitis present with distinct symptoms:

  • Atopic dermatitis – Chronic, itchy, dry patches that often start in childhood.

  • Contact dermatitis – Triggered by allergens (nickel, perfumes, poison ivy) or irritants (soaps, detergents, chemicals).

  • Dyshidrotic eczema – Painful, fluid-filled blisters on hands and feet.

  • Seborrheic dermatitis – Greasy, scaly patches on oily areas like the scalp, face, or chest.

  • Stasis dermatitis – Skin changes in the lower legs due to poor circulation, often linked to varicose veins.

  • Neurodermatitis – Thick, leathery patches caused by repeated scratching.

Symptoms

Dermatitis can look different depending on the type, but common signs include:

  • Redness or discoloration

  • Itching (sometimes severe)

  • Dry, cracked, or scaly skin

  • Swelling or oozing blisters

  • Thickened or leathery patches from chronic scratching

Causes and Triggers

Dermatitis flare-ups are often linked to:

  • Allergens (fragrances, metals, plants)

  • Irritants (soaps, detergents, solvents)

  • Environmental factors (heat, humidity, dry air)

  • Stress and lack of sleep

  • Underlying conditions like poor circulation (stasis dermatitis)

Diagnosis and Treatment

A healthcare provider can usually diagnose dermatitis with a physical exam. In some cases, a skin biopsy or patch testing may be used to confirm the cause.

Treatment focuses on reducing inflammation, relieving itching, and preventing flare-ups:

  • Topical corticosteroids or calcineurin inhibitors for inflammation

  • Moisturizers and emollients to restore the skin barrier

  • Antihistamines for itching

  • Phototherapy (light therapy) for chronic cases

  • Lifestyle changes such as avoiding triggers, wearing breathable fabrics, and managing stress